1. The phone will charge at the rate the phone is built to charge. If it charges 0-100 in 2 hours, putting 5 volts into the charging port, whether from a portable battery, a wall outlet or a million Amp supply, will charge it in 2 hours. The charging speed is determined by the phone and the capability of the supply (and any 5 Volt portable battery has more than enough current available to charge a phone as fast as it charges from the wall).
2. Letting the battery (either the one in the phone or the portable one) drop to less than 40% is a good way to kill it fast. Dropping it to 0% every cycle will kill it in about 4-6 months. Not "kill to the point that it holds a charge for a shorter time", but "kill to the point that you can't charge it at all". The S6 battery has a 2550mAh capacity, so you can draw 1530mAh from it. The same thing holds true for the external battery (plus a little overhead), so a 3000mAh external battery will recharge the S6 from 40%-100% without drawing more than 60% of the portable battery's power.
If you want 2 full charges, that would be 3060mAh of charge needed, so you'd need an external battery with a capacity of 5100mAh. The 10000mAh battery that Almeuit linked to will charge your S6 about 3.9 times and will use Quick Charge 2, so it'll charge faster than a 5 Volt battery.