I experienced the exact same problem last night.
Quick answer: take out and re-insert SIM card after connecting via wifi.
At least, this worked for me.
Background
Last night, I trying to fix a problem, I unintentionally factory reset the phone when I was trying to do the cache wipe.
I experienced the exact same problem given in the original post. No need to repeat.
Approached Samsung online help. Chat had me try Find My Mobile and a link they gave Android Device Manager. No success. After a couple of failed attempts. Meaning, Find My Mobile and Android Device Manager location failed to find my phone, sitting in front of me.
Twice I disclosed that I was using wifi only, connected to the university network, so super fast and stable. I had not used the phone service in a year and never did since having the phone. (I call using VOIP.)
Then I tried something. In an earlier attempt logging into Samsung, I took out the SIM card thinking . . . not sure what I was thinking but hoped sprung thought to trying something different.
The SIM card remained out of the phone during the online chat with Samsung help.
Then I re-inserted the SIM card when questions of service provider and having to contact Verizon was brought up by them. I thought to myself, let me put the SIM card back in. The card should not work but maybe the phone must be connected to some phone service network in order for Find My Mobile to work.
Sure enough, it did. After inserting the SIM card, the phone auto reset.
Find my mobile located my phone. I tested by sending a ring phone command. Phone rang. I unlocked phone. icon turned green. I unlocked Reactivation lock. icon turned green.
Went through the Setup Wizard but instead of asking for Samsung account info, went to a new -- new to me that is, screen asking to connect to my Google account. Fortunately, I had setup my Google account with this phone. The rest carried on as if news phone.
Now I am sitting here waiting for the 71 applications to download and restore to state since last back up, 1 day ago.