This is the Multi Window menu. There are two steps to reactivate it: (1) Pull down the Notification screen, tap the grid icon in the upper right-hand corner, and look for the Multi Window button. Be sure that it is activated. (2) Press and hold the Back button. This will bring out the left-side menu. A simple press of Back will reduce this menu to the small arrow; another long-press of Back will cause the arrow to disappear.
These icons are for apps that are capable of being used in Multi Window mode. For instance, you could have Internet and Maps open at the same time to read information about a store or restaurant online while also locating it on the map.