The S5 uses Samsung's Adaptive Fast Charge. It shouldn't damage the battery. But since it only works up to 70% charge (then you revert to normal charge) and you shouldn't be allowing the battery to discharge below 40% at the very most, it's not going to save you much time. (See
The Care and Feeding of Lithium Polymer Batteries.)
(Any fast charging uses a charge of less than 1C [1 times the capacity of the battery - in other words, in the S5, with a 2800mAh battery, fast charge will be around 2000mA]. Lithium batteries can be safely chared at up to 1C ([2800mA, in this case], so fast charge won't cause a problem.)