Only Google contacts sync - Phone, Device and SIM contacts don't, so you can't get them back. You'll have to enter them manually, but this time, pull down the top item and set it to your Google account.
Check your calendar at
Google Calendar. That's what will sync to your phone.
As far as the photos go, I have no idea why they didn't all sync, but you have what you have - there's no way to get the missing ones back. (maybe this will teach you to keep a backup of anything important on a cloud account and, if you have one, a PC.)