A more nuanced view would also show that while prices at the high-end have increased (what was $650 at retail is now $1000), the options at the $200 to $500 level today are miles ahead relative to the options at that price-point five years ago (what was $300 at retail was crap back then but you can now get a reasonably good phone for $300 today).
A good thing about Android is that you have options - not everything you've listed has gone away. There are 2019/2020 phones with microSD and headphone jacks. Some OEMs moved away from a separate HDMI out but some can display out via USB-C. There are rugged phones if you need one with a "durable" back - or you can just put a case on it and call it a day.
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Also if Android OEM's supported their devices as long as Apple does with their iPhones, you could still safely use a phone with that feature set today.