There's a ton of things phones can't do and will never be able to do until the entire form factor changes (possibly to a modular approach)... $650 spent on a Sony RX100 or even cheaper compacts (Canon G9x, Panasonic GM5, etc) will get you vastly better low light photos than any phone, and some degree of DoF control, and a wider choice of focal lengths, etc etc.
There ARE things phones can currently do which high end cameras can't do or haven't attempted to do... Fast near-instant HDR is one such thing, even a $2,000 camera requires you to turn on bracketing and possibly hold it way steadier and the in camera processed HDR usually pales in comparison to what you can do on a PC (and/or only incorporates 3 frames etc).
I feel like the computationally intensive approach Google is taking with their camera is probably the smartest path to improving smartphone cameras right now, sensor/lens wise they plateau'd quite a while ago, it just took a while for some companies to fix their shoddy JPEG post processing... That's also something even pro cameras can struggle with mightily, it's also somewhat subjective and why most photo enthusiasts just shoot RAW and post process themselves.
As to education... Meh, most people aren't really interested in learning something new skills-wise, and the core concepts of photography are rarely presented in a newbie friendly way within the confines of a camera's UI, it takes a commitment and time investment. Most people don't even have a clue what HDR stands for, or what kinda camera they could get for smartphone money (a much better one!). They don't wanna know about the relationship between shutter speed and aperture or ISO, they just wanna P&S.
There's nothing wrong with that IMO, tho I do think a lot of people would be better off getting themselves a separate camera rather than a new smartphone. Not only are there some huge advantages that have been overlooked by that "phones killed the P&S" meme but they're all Wi-Fi connected now for the most part, they're nearly as convenient as a phone for quick sharing.
M4/3 shooter here, nothing as fancy as the guys who commented on having invested over 5 grand in camera gear (guessing FF?)... Tho I've experimented a lot and own 2 bodies + half a dozen lenses. I bought into M4/3 for all the things a phone or even a compact could never do, so the lens choices largely reflect that (primes, ultra wides, teles, etc).