Re: change amperage of charger
If the phone can draw more than 500mA, it'll charge faster. If it can't, there's no change. (How much it can draw is determined by the design of the phone. It's called the "effective resistance" of the phone, and it determines how much current can be drawn at 5 Volts according to Ohm's Law.)
If your house is supplied with 100 Amp service, then the power company rewires and supplies you with 200 Amp service, a 100 Watt light bulb will still draw the same current. (You don't push current into the phone, the phone draws current from the charger - the same as any electrical load.)