As far as recovering anything from a dead phone, you can't. If it's just a totally dead battery, replacing the battery would allow you to get into the phone and run an app like
Apk Extractor (or
App Backup & Restore if you want to recover a lot of apps), to recover the installation file for the apps. And the data itself is normally kept on the server on social media sites.
But just installing the app from Play
should allow you to log into your account (you'll need to remember your login [or the email address you used] and password, of course). It doesn't have to be the old app itself - any new installation of the app, or a web browser, as B. Diddy said, should work.