The discussion that Yanini links to mentions not only the work around of raising the volume and then lowering it. It also mentions a way of consistently triggering the bug for some users: connecting to a bluetooth audio device, such as a headset or car bluetooth system, disconnecting and then placing or receiving a call.
Yanni: Thanks for the issue tracker link. After 95 posts on the issue a developer from the Android Open Source Project closed it as posted in "wrong forum", claiming that the issue was device-specific, despite the issue having occurred on many devices for many Android versions. The users really did a great job narrowing down the (or one) cause of the issue and even posting a stack trace. I posted a summary of the 95 posts, including affected hardware and software and plea for the bug report to be reopened.