steffi is correct, it will not damage the phone. Your A55 charger will also work fine for other devices, as long as it supplies enough wattage -- e.g., if you wanted to charge your laptop with the A55's charger, and if the charger only maxed at 15 W, that won't be enough (since laptops typically need at least 30-45 W).
This is assuming your A55's charger is the original one from Samsung, or from a reputable 3rd party manufacturer. If it's a cheapo no-name/off-brand one from AliExpress or a similar site, then all bets are off.