There can't be a setting knob (or even an internal setting) because you don't have the equipment (or the license) to set the transmit audio level on a radio transmitter (which a cellphone is), which would make it illegal to use the phone if you changed the transmit audio level.
The normal cause of low transmitted audio is lint (the phone sits in your pocket with the mic at the bottom) in the hole for the mic. The cause of your problem was similar, just for a different cause.