If all of your calendar events are linked to Google, try going to Settings/Apps/All, select Calendar or Calendar Storage, and either Clear Cache first--if that doesn't help, then Clear Data. Clearing Data will wipe all of your Calendar events from your phone, but as long as they're from your Google Account, they should repopulate when you sync again. Keep in mind that if you have saved any events in the Phone Account, then you'll lose those events with a Clear Data, unless you backed those events up separately using some other syncing program (they don't sync to Google).
I've found that even though a Sync Error appears, all of my data has actually synced, so you might want to compare the events on your phone with what's on your desktop Google Calendar--if they're synced, then don't worry about it.