SOME devices can do web lookups to see if there's a listing for the number, this works best with calls coming from a business though. For personal numbers, you typically won't see a name on caller ID unless you have the person in your contacts. Cell phones have not historically been listed numbers, though that may be changing or has changed. If I Google my number I do get results that point to me
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On unlocked phones, there is a setting in the phone app called Caller ID and Spam Protection. Turn that on and it will identify a lot of calls that come in and block some spammers.