I was struggling with podcasts for a while, but I've been using Pocket Casts lately, and it's pretty amazing. You may want to give it a go.
It's hard to beat the standby time for iOS devices, even with Android's new Doze feature. I'm sure as Google keeps working out the kinks, the battery life will be better than it is now.
It's hardly fair to compare syncing iOS calendar/contact with Mac to syncing Android with Mac. If you're using Google Calendar and Gmail contacts, there isn't actually anything to sync—it's all cloud-based. I'd recommend just ditching Contacts and iCal altogether and going full Google (fellow Mac user here, and that's what I do).
I think Google will bring various patches to the Camera app (they already have made some progress since the phone was released), but optical image stabilization is hardware-based, so I don't think software patches are going to fix that.
Yeah, it's a bit of a bummer. All my stuff is still old-school USB. I bought two adapters on Amazon.