I'm seriously regretting moving from blackberry. I've got loads of fun features on my S4, lovely screen, super camera, angry birds etc but none of it makes up for the loss of a local sync with outlook calendar/contacts/nots/tasks.
This is an Android issue, not a Samsung issue.
When I first switched way back when from Palm, like you I was dismayed at how difficult it was to have a local sync. I'm on my desktop all the time. I want my calendar. And my contacts. And my tasks and notes. I missed Palm Desktop. There was an odd way to keep using it (Companion Link), but it seemed hardly worth the effort once I got the data transferred. Most of all, I was freaked about the Calendar. If I don't have a desktop calendar to check regularly, I'm in trouble.
Finally, I just realized, if I'm on Android, have to go with the flow. Use Google. Then all those work out and normalcy returns. You can keep a Google calendar open in a separate tab on your browser. You can have a widget that displays the agenda (or on a phone with good screen size like the S4, even a month--or both) on the phone. Contacts are easy to access on both the phone and desktop browser. Email can be through iMap and still sync'd and saved locally with Outlook if you wish. (Notes went to Evernote).
Google Tasks handles tasks and integrates on the same screen as the calendar, too. It integrates perfectly with the calendar and provides lot of options. Get it with a widget on your phone with some app like Google Tasks Organizer (GTO). I was a bit bent out of shape at not having memos available with Google's suite of apps until I dl'd Evernote. Evernote doesn't really integrate with Google in the same way the Palm Desktop gave me one app that did everything, but on the other hand, it is wayyyyyyyyy better as an app and does so much more. I've gotten used to it and by its nature, it doesn't really need to be on the same screen as my calendar. Given how robust the Google calendar/tasks apps are, most things can go there. It's only real, standing memos that go to Evernote. At which point, it's separated. So be it. Not a big deal.
Another advantage to Google's cloud is
not having to sync, actually. The minute you make a change in the browser or the phone's app, it will be sync'd to the cloud automatically. You don't have to do anything. I resisted that for a long while. I love it now. It's way easier and much safer in terms of backing up data. If I create a task list on vacation and then break the phone, it's gone with Palm because I had no time to sync. With Google, it's right there still. Get a new phone, move on.
Change is difficult. I remember! At this point, however, I'd say there is no real downside and my overall experience is in fact far better, particularly considering how far superior the apps are on the phone, plus the enhancements Google delivers in various ways over what I had.