I contacted Comcast to get some assistance with this problem, since it only occurs on my phone at home and not my PCs. After exhausting all troubleshooting with first level support, it was referred to level 2. However, I have not been contacted by anyone there yet.
I believe I have found the solution to my problem, however. I noticed that my cable modem was set up to enable DHCP and was configured for IPv6 Only Mode. I still do not know whether this means that it was assigning only IPv6 addresses, or what. With that in mind, I changed the IPv6 configuration in my Netgear R6100 router so that it was Internet Connection Type = AutoDetect and IP Address Assignment = AutoConfig. I immediately received a WAN IPv6 address for the router when I did this.
The other thing I did was to use test-ipv6 on my PC, and Push Notification Tester on my phone. My PC was not getting an IPv6 address, even though I could see one when I ran IPCONFIG. When connected to my WIFI, I never received the pushed notifications, but as soon as I disconnected from WIFI they came through as mobile data. After making the changes to my router, the PC tests through IPv6 test were successful, and my phone received notifications through Push Notification Tester just fine.
As I type this, I am getting notifications on my phone, so it appears to be working as expected. I still want to understand the interaction between my modem and router better, and hope that Comcast will contact me and answer those questions. I was very close to renting their modem and router to put them on the hook to resolve this issue, but it looks like I have avoided that.
If this solution did not solve the problem, I'll be back...