1. "Folders" are just entries in the "parent folder's" file list, they aren't physical things.
2. To back up a folder, plug the phone into your PC, find the folder and drag it to wherever you want your backups on your PC.
3. To back up apps, use
App Backup & Restore, then copy the App_Backup_Restore folder to your PC. To back up the home page setup, that depends on the launcher you're using. Nova, for example, has a backup function, then you can back that folder up to your PC.
None of this requires rooting, unless some of the things you want to back up don't have read access for the user named 'everyone' (which is you). That might need rooting, because you're running in a Linux OS (that's just the way Android is), and your PC probably can't read a folder you don't have read access to. (If the phone is rooted, you - and the PC - become 'superuser', which has all access to everything. Which can be dangerous, because one bad command can delete all files on the phone, including Android and Linux.)