Did some more testing. With a USB test cable, I measured exactly 5V from unloaded charger. I was afraid to do this next test, but decided to go for it*. I disconnected the battery while the phone was connected to charger. Voltage at the pictured test point dropped to 0.7 and decayed to millivolts from there. The same thing happens when charger is not connected.
There must be another point where I can find the charger voltage unless the jack is damaged.
The phone kept working for almost 4 days in the great outdoors before going silent. The obvious explanation would be a dead battery. Maybe the phone became bricked somehow and no longer drew from battery.
*Many battery chargers have an unfiltered (spikey) output when unloaded, relying on the large capacitance of a battery to smooth the voltage. Those spikes could harm electronics without the voltage-limiting protection of a battery.