If you have Chrome set to sync with your Google account, then your bookmarks should be synced with your desktop Chrome. Open the Chrome browser on your computer, click the Menu button at the upper right, then hover over Bookmarks. Do you see all of your phone's bookmarks there, including the Mobile Bookmarks folder? If so, then your bookmarks are synced, and if you clear the data from the mobile Chrome app, the bookmarks will quickly sync again with your Google account.
If your bookmarks don't seem to be synced, go to Settings>Accounts-Google>[your account], and make sure Chrome is checked on.