Welcome to Android Central! Probably the easiest thing for you to do will be to move everything to the Google cloud, where it will be readily accessible by your phone. So that means:
1. Installing
Google Music Manager on your computer, then using it to upload your entire music library to Google Music. You can upload up to 20,000 tracks for free, and stream that music using any device with the Google Play Music app. You can also temporarily download music to your device in case you won't have good internet access (or if you want to avoid using a lot of data).
2. Uploading your photos to Google+ Photos and your documents to Google Drive. The main limiting factor here is that you only get 15 GB of free storage--if you need more, you have to pay an annual fee depending on how much storage you have.
3. There are, of course, a number of other cloud services that offer a certain amount of storage for free, so if you needed more storage, you could always spread things out among places like DropBox, Box, SkyDrive, etc.
4. There are also apps that allow you to access your computer remotely, so as long as your computer is on, you can copy a file over if you need it, even if you're somewhere far from home.
If you use Outlook a lot, there are apps that can sync with it, but be warned that they can be a little glitchy sometimes.
CompanionLink is one of the more popular sync apps.