Hi,
I have similar problems with my HTC One. When phoning with the phone app, people on the other end can hardly hear me as I sound far away and sound is interrupted. These problems do not occur when I put the call on speaker, connect headphones or use my Bluetooth speaker-phone. It also doesn't occur when I use the built-in microphone with a voice-recorder app. I've had my HTC One for about one and half years now, but these problems only started about half a year ago, without any apparent cause.
However, I have just now found a work-around/solution to the problem: I have put a piece of cellophane tape over the microphone on the back of the device. I found this works by experimenting with recording new voicemail greetings over the phone. I found that it doesn't matter if the tape is there or not when I start the phone conversation, if it's there, sound is OK, if it's not, sound is bad.
Hope this helps some of you.
Daan