Unless you live vlose to a UBreakIFix location, no. How can they do physical repairs on your phone if they don't have it?
If it's not under warranty, you can bring it into any local repair shop, but if you want it repaired under warranty, they have to have the hone. (Even a local shop won't fix most problems while you wait - it takes a day or two, at least. It's only a setting problem [you have something set wronf and they tell you what to change] or an account provisioning problem [the carrier did something wrong on their end] that can be fixed without their having the phone.)
Even Apple can't fix major problems on a walk-in basis. If the phone has to be taken a apart they won't do it while you wait, and if it has to go back to the factory, it's going to take days, at least.